When was dna sequencing first completed

Rather than an outward exploration of the planet or the cosmos, the HGP was an inward voyage of discovery led by an international team of researchers looking to sequence and map all of the genes -- together known as the genome -- of members of our species, Homo sapiens.

Beginning on October 1, and completed in April , the HGP gave us the ability, for the first time, to read nature's complete genetic blueprint for building a human being. The Human Genome Project was the international research effort to determine the DNA sequence of the entire human genome. In , an accurate and complete human genome sequence was finished two years ahead of schedule and at a cost less than the original estimated budget.

February 15, marks the year anniversary of publications reporting the draft human genome sequence. Ensembl genome browser launched.

The Euro is introduced as a currency in Europe. The Summer Olympics are held in Sydney, Australia. The genome of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum , which causes malaria in humans, is completed. Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, dies aged years. Saddam Hussein, former President of Iraq, is captured by American troops in a small town km northwest of Baghdad.

The first same-sex marriage in the USA is performed in Massachusetts. The chimpanzee genome is completed. Apple introduces the iPhone. Next-generation sequencing platforms result in dramatic drop in sequencing costs. Barack Obama is elected as first black president of the USA.

Neanderthal genome published in Nature. A magnitude 7 earthquake hits Haiti and devastates the country. Supreme Court rules that naturally occurring DNA cannot be patented. The Zebrafish genome is completed. Jo Biden wins the US presidential election. Related Content:. The discovery of DNA. Giants in genomics: James Watson.

Giants in genomics: Francis Crick. Giants in genomics: Fred Sanger. Why use yeast in research? Giants in genomics: John Sulston. Fruit flies in the laboratory. Why use the mouse in research? Why use the zebrafish in research? How helpful was this page? Abstract Determining the order of nucleic acid residues in biological samples is an integral component of a wide variety of research applications. First-generation DNA sequencing Watson and Crick famously solved the three-dimensional structure of DNA in , working from crystallographic data produced by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins [2] , [3] , which contributed to a conceptual framework for both DNA replication and encoding proteins in nucleic acids.

Open in a separate window. Second-generation DNA sequencing Concurrent with the development of large-scale dideoxy sequencing efforts, another technique appeared that set the stage for the first wave in the next generation of DNA sequencers. Third-generation DNA sequencing There is considerable discussion about what defines the different generations of DNA sequencing technology, particularly regarding the division from second to third [73] , [74] , [75] , [76].

Conclusions It is hard to overstate the importance of DNA sequencing to biological research; at the most fundamental level it is how we measure one of the major properties by which terrestrial life forms can be defined and differentiated from each other. References 1. Sanger F. Frederick Sanger — Biographical. Watson J. Molecular structure of nucleic acids. Zallen D. Despite Franklin's work, Wilkins earned his Nobel. Hutchison C. DNA sequencing: bench to bedside and beyond.

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